What did the Italian and Romanian aircraft use for directional beacons?

[TempestV]

Subject sez it all. Were they retrofitted later with AFN-1/AFN-2 Gauge? Or did they use just maps and landmarks to get by?

Good fun in the winter time I suppose🤪

[IckyATLAS]

Maps, the sun, the stars, watch and landmarks. With that you never fail. The better the watch, the more precise you were on the long run.

Really more true in the pacific, but instruments improved fast.

[LukeFF]

It's a highly contextual question, given that both air forces used a lot of German equipment, and it would also depend on how well-equipped the airfield was.

 

But, indigenous aircraft like the IAR-80 and C202 had no radio navigation equipment.