

// ----------------------------------------------------------------
// localized campaign name and description
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&name="Mosquito Flight School"

&description="Welcome to Flight School! This scripted campaign will take you through a series of tutorial missions for this aircraft. By the time you've completed all missions, you should be well prepared to start a career, a combat scripted campaign, or try some multiplayer.<br><br>If you're new to flight sims, you should familiarize yourself with the below definitions and concepts. If you're and experienced flight sim pilot, you can likely continue straight to the missions.<br><br><b>Controlling the aircraft:</b><br><br>Joystick/Yoke:<br>A joystick or yoke is the primary control input for most aircraft. They can be moved forward, backward, left, and right in order to control the pitch and roll of the aircraft. If you push forward on the joystick/yoke, the nose of the aircraft should pitch down. If you pull back on the joystick/yoke, the aircraft should pitch up. This motion moves hinged control surfaces on the <b>horizontal stabilizer</b> part of the tail of the aircraft, called <b>elevators</b>. Moving the joystick/yoke to the right and left will cause the aircraft to roll. This motion moves hinged control surfaces near the ends of the wings, called <b>ailerons</b>. These ailerons will move opposite of each other, to produce counteracting forces.<br><br>Rudder Pedals:<br>Rudder pedals are pushed by the pilot's feet to control the yaw of the aircraft. Think of this as a flat twisting of where the aircraft is pointed. Pushing the right rudder pedal will cause the aircraft to yaw to the right, and the left pedal will yaw to the left. These motions control a hinged control surface called the <b>rudder</b> on the <b>vertical stabilizer</b> of the aircraft. This is the part of the tail that sticks up vertically. If you're new to flight sims you may not have a set of rudder pedals. In that case, twisting the joystick itself should be used as rudder input.<br><br>Flaps:<br>Airplane flaps are typically installed on the back edge of the wings, closer to the fuselage. When lowered, flaps will increase lift at slower speeds. This is typically used in take-off, landing, and for performing tighter turning at slower speeds.<br><br>Stalls/Spins:<br>An aerodynamic <b>stall</b>, not to be confused with engine stall, occurs when air is flowing past the wings in a way that lift is insufficient to maintain flight. This can happen for two main reasons; insufficient airspeed, or agrressive maneuvering. In the first case, the plane is flying below the stall speed for that aircraft, either due to lack of engine power, or trying to climb too steeply. In either case, it's typically easy to recover from this stall condition by simply increasing power or lowering the nose of the aircraft to increase airspeed.<br><br>In the second case airspeed is sufficient, but the plane is maneuvering hard enough that air flows past the wings at too sharp of an angle. Most planes will experience <b>buffeting</b> when they're close to stalling in this way, a shaking or vibration in the aircraft. This is caused by turbulent airflow coming off the wings and interacting with the tail of the aircraft. When a pilot experiences this buffeting, they should be aware that they are on the edge of stall conditions, and should release pressure on control surfaces to regain control and lift.<br><br>If a stall occurs while turning, the plane may enter into a <b>spin</b>. Spins will be experienced as a spiraling loss of lift and rapid descend of the aircraft. This is caused by uneven stalling of the wing surfaces, where lift and drag of one wing are different than the other. Each aircraft will have it's own stall and spin characteristics, but typically to recover from a spin, you will throttle down and let go of the stick, counter-act the yaw motion with opposite rudder, point the nose of the aircraft down, and build enough speed to pull up into level flight. Spin recovery will always require some loss of altitude, so spins at low altitude can be particularly deadly.<br><br><b>Engine Management:</b><br><br>Throttle:<br>The throttle lever is the primary means by which the pilot will control engine power and airspeed. By increasing the throtlle, you are increase the amount of fuel and air entering the engine. In the vast majority of aircraft, moving the throttle lever forward will increase the throttle, and back will decrease it. The <b>manifold pressure</b> gauge is the primary indicator of throttle. While this guage refers to pressure, it is technically reading the <i>suction</i> that the engine is producing. When throttle increases, the engine suction of fuel air mixture increases. Care should be taken when increasing throttle to not exceed aircraft manifold pressure limits.<br><br>Mixture:<br>The mixture lever controls the ratio of fuel to air that enters the engine for combustion. When the ratio of fuel is high, the mixture is <b>rich</b>, and when it is low, the mixture is <b>lean</b>. Typically, engine mixture will start on the ground with the lever in a rich or max position. As altitude increases and air pressure decreases, less oxygen is available for combustion, and the lever will need to be brought down so the ratio of air to fuel remains ideal. This process is known as leaning the mixture. Some planes have fully automatic mixture, and some have semi-auto control at specific lever positions. In fully manual planes, you can visually see uncombusted gas in your exhaust if mixture is too rich. If the mixture is too lean, you will start to see engine performance impacts. In cases where fuel efficiency is prioritized over power, a lean mixture may be desired.<br><br>Propeller Pitch/RPM:<br><b>RPM</b> simply means "Revolutions Per Minute" and is a measure of how fast the propeller is spinning. There are two main types of propellers, fixed and variable pitch. Fixed pitch propellers are those where the angle of the propeller blades are not adjustable. This is common on WW1 and very early WW2 aircraft. With fixed pitch propellers, the engine RPM is a result of the throttle position and airspeed. Variable pitch propellers allow the angle of the blades to be adjusted to a more efficient orientation in a wide range of flight conditions. In most cases, this will be set by a <b>constant-speed propeller.</b> Constant-speed propeller controls allow the pilot to use a lever to set the desired RPM. As the throttle and speed of the aircraft varies, the pitch of the propeller blades will be adjusted to maintain desired RPM. In some variable pitch propeller aircraft, the pilot has direct control over the pitch of the blades. In these aircraft, RPM will be influenced by throttle position, airspeed, and propeller pitch. Care should always be taken to not exceed engine limits of RPM.<br><br>Turbocharger/Supercharger:<br>As altitude increases and air pressure decreases, less oxygen is available for engine combustion, and engine power starts to decrease. To overcome this, <b>Turbochargers</b> and <b>Superchargers</b> compress the air as it enters the engine, providing more oxygen for combustion. While both serve the same purpose, a Turbocharger is powered by and controlled by engine exhaust pressure, while a Supercharger is mechanically spun by the engine. Some Superchargers are single geared, and require no input from the pilot, while others will have different gears that should be engaged at specific altitudes to optimize performance. Not all planes have these devices installed, and some have both.<br><br>Cooling:<br>Most planes will require some form of temperature management in order to not overheat or cool the engine too much. These are typically controlled by a combination of <b>radiator shutters</b> and engine <b>cowl flaps</b>. Many planes will have two radiators, one to cool the engine oil directly, and the other to cool the coolant fluid that flows through the engine. An engine cowl is simply the housing encases and protects the engine. Cowl flaps can be installed to direct air into, or restrict air out of the engine cowl space for the purposes of cooling engine systems.<br><br>See you in the skies!<br>Utopioneer original/Ulricus adaption for Mossie